Re-Conceptualizing Implementation Outcomes of Health Innovations as Modes or Attributes

he implementation of innovations in practice is challenging and often produces disappointing outcomes. Although the reasons for this are multifaceted, part of the challenge derives from the lack of consensus on how such implementation outcomes should be conceptualized and measured. In this review, we used a meta-ethnographic approach to enhance our theoretical conceptualization of implementation outcomes. By situating such outcomes within the overall process of implementation, we were able to unpack them analytically as the product of two major components, which we term “modes” and “attributes,” respectively. Modes comprise engagement, active implementation, and integration to foreground focal implementation outcomes.